{"id":2134,"date":"2019-11-13T16:19:31","date_gmt":"2019-11-13T15:19:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/?page_id=2134"},"modified":"2025-12-10T16:02:20","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T15:02:20","slug":"sensor-practical","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/i40\/sensor-practical\/","title":{"rendered":"Smart Industry Sensor practical"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Assignment: <strong>design, build and test a &#8220;product counter&#8221;<\/strong> which is able to count various products passing by on a conveyor belt. The counter should have a display which displays: a) measured distance, b) whether there is a product in sight (or not) and c) the number of counted products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Submit your results using the form at <a href=\"#submit\">the bottom of this page<\/a> (keep the page open and fill in the details while you work).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is advised to do the practical in groups of 2 students.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design considerations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What sensor to choose?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Check rules of thumb (as stated in lecture)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Distance sensor: which type? <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"optical? or ultrasonic? (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=optical+vs+ultrasonic+distance+sensor\" target=\"_blank\">optical? or ultrasonic?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does sensor speed play a role? (the number of measurements it can do in a certain time) How is this related to for instance belt speed? (regarding sensor speed, for an ultrasonic sensor, compare the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"RCWL-series to the HC-SR04 (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tinytronics.nl\/shop\/index.php?route=product\/search&amp;search=ultrasonic\" target=\"_blank\">RCWL-series to the HC-SR04<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Which sensor would you pick if you get to decide? (do research on internet)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What sensor would you pick if you would not only have to count, but also uniquely identify each product?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Which sensor do you pick from the available ones? (see below) Why?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Enter your answers to these questions <a href=\"#submit\">in the form at the bottom of this page (at &#8220;Submit results&#8221;)<\/a>. Do not submit the form yet (this has to be done when you are finished).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Build sensor to measure distance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Before you start: install <a aria-label=\"the Arduino IDE (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/en\/Main\/Software\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the Arduino IDE<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/2025\/07\/18\/getting-started-python-editor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Python<\/a>, if you choose to code with that (details are in the tutorials below).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can build the sensor using a combination of the components below (they are in the plastic box):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Basic components: breadboard, wires, USB cable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/2021\/09\/15\/distance-sensor-with-alarm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">An OLED display<\/a> (start with step 1 of this tutorial)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sensors: (choose one)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/2021\/09\/15\/distance-sensor-with-alarm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ultrasonic distance sensor<\/a> (HC-SR04) (<strong>for beginners, do step 1 &#8211; 3<\/strong> of this tutorial)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/2024\/04\/22\/vl53l1x-time-of-flight-distance-sensor\/\">Optical laser distance sensor<\/a> (VL53L1X Time-of-Flight Distance Sensor, this is not in the box, but available from teacher)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a aria-label=\"Optical (infrared) distance sensor (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"\/slootenvanf\/2019\/11\/18\/optical-ir-sensor-with-arduino\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Optical infrared distance sensor<\/a> (Sharp GP2Y0A21YK0F, this is not in the box, but available from teacher)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A micro processor (choose one):\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>An Arduino Nano or BLE Nano (choose one of the sensor-pages above to learn how to use it)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A Raspberry Pi Pico, programmed in Python (choose a tutorial <a href=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/2024\/10\/15\/laser-distance-sensor-raspberry-pi-pico\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">with the laser sensor<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/2024\/02\/23\/distance-sensor-raspberry-pi-pico\/\">with the ultrasonic sensor<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Use a tutorial for a sensor from the list above to build your sensor. <strong>The <a href=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/2021\/09\/15\/distance-sensor-with-alarm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ultrasonic distance sensor<\/a> (HC-SR04) tutorial is an all-in-one tutorial, most suitable if you are a beginner.<\/strong> <strong>Do step 1 and 2<\/strong> of this tutorial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Count products<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>By now, you should have a working sensor which can measure distances. You can mount this sensor facing down above the conveyor belt, or you can mount it at the side. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/conveyorbelt.jpg\" alt=\"Conveyor belt with sensor\" class=\"wp-image-2267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/conveyorbelt.jpg 741w, https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/conveyorbelt-300x153.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">First step: detect a product<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>If for example the sensor is measuring 60 cm when there is no product, then this is our base. If then the measured distance drops (for a certain period), we know, something has passed our sensor. As a first step, try to incorporate something into your sketch which indicates the presence of a product (if a product is detected). An algorithm for this, in C (for Arduino) could be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>if (distance==0 || distance&gt;=60) { \/\/ nothing seen\n   \/\/ display: \"NO PRODUCT\"\n}\nelse { \/\/ product in sight\n  \/\/ display: \"A PRODUCT!\"\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Learn more about <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.arduino.cc\/built-in-examples\/control-structures\/ifStatementConditional\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">if-statements in C (Arduino)<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/python\/python_conditions.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">in Python<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Complete the code. Test your sensor with the new code on the conveyor belt. Does it work? Can it be improved?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Second step: start counting<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Counting products can now be added quite easily: every time a product is in sight, and the previous state was &#8220;nothing seen&#8221; we can increase the counter. So we need two variables: a boolean (<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.arduino.cc\/language-reference\/en\/variables\/data-types\/bool\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">type <strong>bool<\/strong><\/a>) which keeps track whether there is a product in sight, and the counter, which is an integer (<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.arduino.cc\/language-reference\/en\/variables\/data-types\/int\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">type <strong>int<\/strong><\/a>). Add these and make sure they get proper values. Show the value of variable &#8216;counter&#8217; on the display and then test the results on the conveyor belt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Increase the belt speed. If things do not work as expected, consider altering the timing of the loop (increase or decrease the amount of measurements). The call to <em>delay()<\/em>* at the end of the <em>loop()<\/em> can be used to change this. This has likely to be a shorter delay, to improve accuracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>* In Python, the delay is realized with <strong>time.sleep(1)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Third step: avoid mis-counts<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>It is possible that readings contain glitches (short mis-reads). So never trust a single reading:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"266\" height=\"120\" src=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/error_readings.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2274\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Only when you read something twice or more (black arrows) it can be more sure that detection is accurate. Can you incorporate this into your sketch also?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Solution<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the end, your solution should display the measured distance, counted products and status (whether or not there is a product in sight).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\" src=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/ir_counter_display-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/ir_counter_display-1024x511.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/ir_counter_display-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/ir_counter_display-768x383.jpg 768w, https:\/\/home.et.utwente.nl\/slootenvanf\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/ir_counter_display.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>If you are unable to create a working solution yourself, you can get my solution upon request (email me). As a final challenge you can test that, and try to improve it if necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"submit\">Submit results<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The form below may be used to submit the results of the sensor practical. Please submit the form <strong>when you are finished<\/strong> with the practical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wpcf7 no-js\" id=\"wpcf7-f2133-o1\" lang=\"en-US\" dir=\"ltr\" data-wpcf7-id=\"2133\">\n<div class=\"screen-reader-response\"><p role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\"><\/p> <ul><\/ul><\/div>\n<form action=\"\/slootenvanf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2134#wpcf7-f2133-o1\" method=\"post\" class=\"wpcf7-form init\" aria-label=\"Contact form\" enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" data-status=\"init\">\n<fieldset class=\"hidden-fields-container\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7\" value=\"2133\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_version\" value=\"6.1.5\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_locale\" value=\"en_US\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_unit_tag\" value=\"wpcf7-f2133-o1\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_container_post\" value=\"0\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_posted_data_hash\" value=\"\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7dtx_version\" value=\"5.0.5\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_recaptcha_response\" value=\"\" \/>\n<\/fieldset>\n<p>Fill in the general details first :\n<\/p>\n<p><label> Your Name (required)<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-name\"><input size=\"80\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"your-name\" \/><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label> Your Email (required)<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-email\"><input size=\"80\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-email wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-email\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" value=\"\" type=\"email\" name=\"your-email\" \/><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label> Your Student number (required)<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"studentnr\"><input size=\"80\" maxlength=\"400\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-required\" aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" value=\"\" type=\"text\" name=\"studentnr\" \/><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label> Fellow students studentnumbers (students you did this assignment with)<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"additional-students\"><textarea cols=\"83\" rows=\"4\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea\" aria-invalid=\"false\" name=\"additional-students\"><\/textarea><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<h4>Research\n<\/h4>\n<p><label>Which sensor did you use? <\/label><br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"radio-sensor-type\"><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-radio\" id=\"radio-sensor-type\"><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item first\"><input type=\"radio\" name=\"radio-sensor-type\" value=\"Ultrasonic Sensor\" checked=\"checked\" \/><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item-label\">Ultrasonic Sensor<\/span><\/span><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item\"><input type=\"radio\" name=\"radio-sensor-type\" value=\"Optical (IR) Sensor\" \/><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item-label\">Optical (IR) Sensor<\/span><\/span><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item\"><input type=\"radio\" name=\"radio-sensor-type\" value=\"Optical (laser) Sensor\" \/><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item-label\">Optical (laser) Sensor<\/span><\/span><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item last\"><input type=\"radio\" name=\"radio-sensor-type\" value=\"Other (specify below)\" \/><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item-label\">Other (specify below)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p><label>Does sensor speed play a role? (the number of measurements it can do in a certain time) How is this related to for instance belt speed?<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"sensor-speed-consideration\"><textarea cols=\"83\" rows=\"4\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea\" aria-invalid=\"false\" name=\"sensor-speed-consideration\"><\/textarea><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label>Other sensors you considered, including substantiation and (online) references<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"other-sensors-considered\"><textarea cols=\"83\" rows=\"4\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea\" aria-invalid=\"false\" name=\"other-sensors-considered\"><\/textarea><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label>What kind of sensor would you pick if you would not only have to count, but also uniquely identify each product?<br \/>\nWhat would have to be changed (to the product) for this?<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"how-to-uniquely-identify-product\"><textarea cols=\"83\" rows=\"4\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea\" aria-invalid=\"false\" name=\"how-to-uniquely-identify-product\"><\/textarea><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<h4>Implementation\n<\/h4>\n<p>The goal of this assignment was to build a product counter which could show: a) measured distance, b) whether there is a product in sight (or not) and c) the number of counted products. Did you succeed in realizing this?\n<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"radio-succeed\"><span class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-radio\"><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item first\"><input type=\"radio\" name=\"radio-succeed\" value=\"Yes\" checked=\"checked\" \/><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item-label\">Yes<\/span><\/span><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item last\"><input type=\"radio\" name=\"radio-succeed\" value=\"No\" \/><span class=\"wpcf7-list-item-label\">No<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p><label> How did you improve the accuracy of your detection?<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"improve-accuracy\"><textarea cols=\"83\" rows=\"4\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea\" aria-invalid=\"false\" name=\"improve-accuracy\"><\/textarea><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label> Please upload the final result (the sketch, .ino or .zip file):<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"file-sketch\"><input size=\"40\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-file\" accept=\".ino,.zip\" aria-invalid=\"false\" type=\"file\" name=\"file-sketch\" \/><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<h4>Results\n<\/h4>\n<p><label> From a test-run of products with clear separation, how many out of the total did you count? (eg. 9 out of 10: 9\/10)<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"test-run-clear\"><textarea cols=\"83\" rows=\"4\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea\" aria-invalid=\"false\" name=\"test-run-clear\"><\/textarea><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label> From a test-run of products with problematic separation (eg. products with very short distance or against each other), how many out of the total did you count? (eg. 7 out of 10: 7\/10)<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"test-run-problematic\"><textarea cols=\"83\" rows=\"4\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea\" aria-invalid=\"false\" name=\"test-run-problematic\"><\/textarea><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><label> Additional remarks, findings you want to share, suggestions or feedback for the teacher:<br \/>\n<span class=\"wpcf7-form-control-wrap\" data-name=\"your-message\"><textarea cols=\"83\" rows=\"4\" maxlength=\"2000\" class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-textarea\" aria-invalid=\"false\" name=\"your-message\"><\/textarea><\/span> <\/label>\n<\/p>\n<p><input class=\"wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-submit has-spinner\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Send\" \/>\n<\/p><div class=\"wpcf7-response-output\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Assignment: design, build and test a &#8220;product counter&#8221; which is able to count various products passing by on a conveyor belt. The counter should have a display which displays: a) measured distance, b) whether there is a product in sight (or not) and c) the number of counted products. 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